La révolte des noirs musulmans à Salvador de Bahia en 1835
Révolte des Zanj d'Irak au IIIe/IXe siécl
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© - Alliance Panafricaniste
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© - Alliance Panafricaniste
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How the "civilizing mission" was reinforced by the intellectual constructs of European scholars who justified slavery and colonization
Voltaire
"The whites are superior to the Negroes as Negroes are to monkeys and apes as are the oysters. Voltaire (in "Treatise on Metaphysics." Quoted in "The Shock of the month" No. 25, p.31)
"Their round eyes, their flat noses, their lips still big, their ears figured differently, the wool of their heads, the measure of their intelligence, put them and other species of men of prodigious differences. And what shows they should point this difference to their climate is that blacks and black women in the country carried the colder it always produce animals of their species, and that mulattoes are a race bastard of a black and a white or white and one black. Voltaire ( "Essay on Morals." Quoted in id.)
"Nature is subordinated to this principle, these different degrees and characters of these nations, we see so rarely get changed. That is where the Negroes are slaves of other men. We buy them on the coast of Africa like animals. Voltaire ( "Essay on Morals." Quoted in id.)
"The Negro race is a species of men different from ours [...] we can say that if their intelligence is not a different species than our understanding, it is much lower. They are not capable of much attention, they combine low and does not seem made for the benefit or for the abuses of our philosophy. They are from this part of Africa such as elephants and monkeys, they believe themselves born in Guinea to be sold to whites and to serve them. Voltaire ( "Essay on Morals", Geneva, 1755, t.XVI, p.269-270)
David Hume
"I suspect the negroes and in general the other human species to be naturally inferior to whites. There has never been a civilized nation of any color other than white, or individual shows by his actions or his ability to think ... It is home or manufactured equipment, neither art nor science. Not to mention our colonies, there are Negro slaves dispersed all over Europe, we never found them at the slightest sign of intelligence. " David Hume (1711-1776), English economist, wrote influential in his time (in "On the national character, Vol III")
"I am inclined to think that the negroes and in general all other species of men are naturally inferior to whites. There never was a civilized nation with a color other than white, nor even any individual eminent either in action or spirit. "David Hume (English philosopher) (Popkin, 1974)
Immanuel Kant
"Nature has endowed the African negro no feeling that rises above the silliness (...) (...) Black people are so talkative that they must be separated and disperse with batons. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) (in "Essay on the diseases of the head, comment on the sense of beauty and the sublime, ed. Flammarion, 1990)
G. Cuvier
"The negro race is confined to the south of the Atlas, his complexion is black, curly hair, her skull compressed and crushed his nose, his prominent nose and thick lips clearly resemble monkeys: the peoples who compose it are still (...) barbarians remained the most degraded of human races, whose forms are the closest to the brute, and whose intelligence has raised nowhere to arrive at a regular government. The zoologist, G. Cuvier (in "Research on fossil bones, Volume 1, Paris, Deterville, 1812)
Montesquieu
"You can not get into the idea that God, who is wise, has placed a soul, especially a good soul in a black body. (...) It is impossible for us to suppose that these people are men, they begin to believe that we are not ourselves Christians. Montesquieu (in "The Spirit of Laws") in 1748:
Hegel
"The Africans, however, are not yet achieved this recognition of the universal. Their nature is folding itself. What we call religion, status, reality existing in and of itself, absolutely valid, but it is not for them. The relative abundances of missionaries bring this fact beyond doubt (...) What characterizes in fact the blacks, it is precisely that their conscience does not come to the contemplation of a sound objective, such as God, law, which can join the will of man, and by which they can reach the intuition of his own essence "and go on to say that Africa is" an ahistorical undeveloped world, entirely the prisoner of 'natural spirit and whose place is at the threshold of universal history of Hegel (in "Reason in History, Paris, Plon, 1965):
Ernest Renan
"Nature has made a race of workers, the Chinese race is a race (...) worker of the earth is (...) the negro race of masters and soldiers, c ' European race. Ernest Renan (in the "Sermon on the nation")
Thomas Jefferson U.S. President
"I am led to believe, but this is a feeling that the blacks, they form a distinct race or have undergone a separation due to time and circumstances, are inferior to whites as body and spirit "Thomas Jefferson U.S. President (in Gossett, 1965, p.44)
Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president
"Equality of black! Nonsense! For how long, under the government of a God great enough to create and lead the world, will he for peddling knaves and fools to resume in about as low demagoguery. "Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president (in Sinkler, 1972, p.47)
Linné
"The black African is guided by fantasy, the man is guided by European customs. "Linné (biologist, Systema naturae, 1758)
Charles Lyell
"The brain of the Bushmen [...] leads to that of Simiadae (monkeys). This implies a connection between the failure of intelligence and structural assimilation. Each race of Man has its place, like the lower animals, "Charles Lyell (founder of scientific geology) (in Wilson, 1970)
Herbert Spencer
"The intellectual traits of wild ... are found in the civilized child. Quoted by Jay Gould, the extent of the evil man, 1983 Herbert Spencer (a Darwinist)
Rudyard Kipling
"White O, take your heavy burden off your Mande stronger race Put your son in exile, rather, to serve your captive fugitive, in order heavy armor he used gent The wild heart moving, conquered Cool, dark and used - Half devil and half child "Rudyard Kipling (the burden of White, 1899) (Jules Castier translation)
Charles Spearman
"Men of color were, on average across all tests, delayed about two years on white inferiority appeared in all tests ... Charles Spearman (eminent intelligence (????)) Army Mental Tests, 1936
Lorenz
"This would preserve the breed, being attentive to the elimination of morally inferior beings even more severe than it is today ... we must, and we have the right, we rely on the best of us and for the rest of the selection that will determine the prosperity or the annihilation of our people "Lorenz (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973)
Arthur R. Jensen
"The intellectual inferiority of blacks is genetic. The number of genes of intelligence among blacks is lower than for whites. Arthur R. Jensen (geneticist in the 1970s!)
Shockley
Requested the U.S. Academy of Sciences "that research be undertaken to determine the influence of the high birthrate of blacks on the quality of the U.S. population and proposes to sterilize those who have an IQ below 100" Shockley (Nobel Prize Physics 19?)
Francis Galton
Eugenics: the science of race improvement, which does not merely questions of judicious marriages, but especially in the case of man, take care of all the influences likely to give better endowed races more likely to rely on so-good races. Francis Galton (1883, founder of the eugenics scientific)
Charles Richet
"After the elimination of inferior races, the first step in the process of selection is the elimination of abnormal ... We will treat me a monster because I prefer healthy children to children deficient ... What makes the man is intelligence. A mass of human flesh, without intelligence, it's nothing ... Charles Richet (1850-1935, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1913, Selected human 1919)
Bertrand Russell
"No democratic government can never work in Africa. "Bertrand Russell (1872-1970, mathematician) (quoted by Paul Johnson, the big lie intellectuals)
Albert Schweitzer
The European one will ever know how terrible is the life of those unfortunate people who spend their time in fear of witchcraft against them. Only those who have seen the misery of almost understand that it is a duty to humanity to teach other peoples primitive conception of the world and life, to deliver them from these evil beliefs. ... As for the intellectual effort that represent technical achievements, the native is unable to evaluate. But when dealing with a white, he feels with infallible intuition if it is a personality, corporate personality ... the original knows that basic value judgments ... when he met the goodness united to justice and truth, dignity inside behind the external dignity, he bows and recognizes his master ... "Albert Schweitzer (Nobel Peace physician in Gabon, in 'On the edge of the jungle' 1952)
Jules Ferry
"I defy you to support your thesis to the end based on equality, freedom, independence inferior races. Gentlemen, we must speak louder and truer! It must be said openly that the superior races have a right vis-à-vis the inferior races.
Jules Ferry (1832-1893; Parliamentary Debates of July 28, 1885) Gentlemen, we must speak louder and truer! It must be said openly that the superior races have a right vis-à-vis the inferior races. I repeat that there is for the superior races right, because there is a duty for them. They have the duty to civilize the inferior races "Jules Ferry.
Ernest Renan
"The settlement is a large political necessity very first order ... The conquest of a country of inferior race by a superior race has nothing shocking ... Ernest Renan (1823-1892; The intellectual and moral reform 1871)
Guy de Maupassant
"In Africa girls abound, but they are equally evil and rotten that the liquid muddy wells Sahara" Guy de Maupassant.
Great Universal Dictionary of the nineteenth century under "Negro".
"When the Niggers are hot, it emanates from their skin oily exudation and black stains on clothes and emits a disagreeable smell. "
Teilhard de Chardin (theologian)
The causes of the inferiority of the negro: "Chief among these circumstances is certainly the deprivation of light of Christ and even the glare of light, allowing the Spirit to settle bad master, this disinherited land of Africa ... Blacks are from time immemorial delivered to a control without abject sensuality, cruelty, falsehood. (...) The Negroes now living under the corrupting influence of so many generations impure it would be surprising to find them suitable for high moral civilization immediate "J. Teilhard de Chardin (Theologian) The Upper Guinea and its missions, Holland, Keer-Lez-Maastricht, 1888, p.88. (His doctrine is taught in seminaries in Africa)
Comte de Gobineau
"It seems to me to see a Bambara attending the execution of one of the tunes he likes. His face inflamed, his eyes shining. He laughed, and demonstrates its wide mouth, sparkling in the middle of his dark face, his teeth white and sharp. The enjoyment comes ... Inarticulate sounds make effort to get out of his throat, which compresses the passion of tears rolling down her cheeks prominent; a moment, he will cry, the music stops, he is overcome with fatigue. ... The negro has the highest degree the faculty sensual without which there is no art possible, and, secondly, the lack of intellectual ability makes him totally unfit for cultivation of art, even the appreciation of what this noble application of human intelligence can generate high. To his faculties in values, he must ally with one race differently gifted ... Comte de Gobineau (Essay on the Inequality of Human Races, Book II, chap. VII, 1st edition 1855
Bellon de Saint-Quentin, theologian
"The purchase of negroes to the coast of Africa for the transfer and then sell the possessions in America, is it a legitimate business and can do so in good conscience? ... The wording of the question just discussed depends on a main point of view, it is whether we can legitimately possess slaves and keep them in servitude Indeed, once well proven that one can legitimately have and use it: it remains beyond doubt that we can buy and sell ... To this last question, I answer that we can lawfully have slaves and use them, such possession and this service are neither contrary to natural law nor divine law written, nor the law of 'Gospel. "Bellon de Saint-Quentin, theologian, doctor of the Sorbonne Bellon de Saint-Quentin, Dissertation on trafficking and trade in negroes, Hachette Paris (cited by Alphonse Quenum (Catholic priest Benin) The Christian Churches and the Atlantic slave trade of the fifteenth the nineteenth century, ed. Karthala).
Rousselot to Surgy
"Any sense of honor and humanity is unknown at this point ... barbarous reasoning among blacks, no wit, no ability whatsoever to study abstract ... Their nature is evil .. . "Rousselot of Surgy
Deslozières
"By blending the black blood in France attack into the heart of the nation by distorting the features and brown complexion" Deslozières (The errors of negrophile)
Michiels
"The stupidest, most perverse, the bloodiest of the human races", "No progress, no invention, no desire to know, no pity, no feelings," "The color black, the color of darkness is truly the sign of their depravity. " Michiels (The life of Negroes in Africa)
Bossuet
"To condemn a state that practices slavery, it would condemn the Holy Spirit who directs the slaves by the mouth of St. Paul to remain in their state, and does not oblige teachers to free them Bossuet (Warning to Protestants)
Victor Hugo
"What land that Africa! Asia has its history, Australia itself has a history dating from the beginning in human memory: Africa has no history "Victor Hugo (Speech May 18, 1879
Balladur
"We have a moral obligation towards these people ... IS THAT WE HAVE MADE THEIR CIVILIZATION ... Edouard Balladur (1994 during a TV show ... some time after the massacres began in Rwanda)
Senghor
"The negro is emotion and reason Hellenic" Senghor
Pope Nicolas